The Decline of Liberal Democracy and the Rise of Modern Authoritarianism: From the Democracy Index to Pseudo-Democracy and the Digital Patronage State
In the contemporary era, asking whether a country is formally a “democracy” or a “dictatorship” often misses the real issue. The more crucial question is how power actually operates and whether citizens meaningfully shape collective decisions and their own futures. Amid the turbulence of global politics over the past two decades, one macro-trend has become difficult to ignore: Western liberal democracy—once celebrated as the supposed “end of history”—is stagnating and, in many places, visibly in retreat. In contrast, authoritarian and hybrid regimes have shown a remarkable capacity to adapt to the 21st century. They have become increasingly effective at managing economies, controlling societies, and leveraging digital technologies to consolidate state power. The latest indices from the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Freedom House, V-Dem, and International IDEA all point in the same direction: a sustained erosion in the quality of democracy worldwide. They also document the prolif...